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Kāma (Sanskrit, Pali; Devanagari: काम) means desire, wish, longing in Indian literature.〔Monier Williams, (काम, kāma ) Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, pp 271, see 3rd column〕 Kāma often connotes sexual desire and longing in contemporary literature, but the concept more broadly refers to any desire, wish, passion, longing, pleasure of the senses, the aesthetic enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without sexual connotations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Love-Kama )〕 Kāma is one of the four goals of human life in Hindu traditions.〔 It is considered an essential and healthy goal of human life when pursued without sacrificing the other three goals: Dharma (virtuous, proper, moral life), Artha (material prosperity, income security, means of life) and Moksha (liberation, release, self-actualization).〔The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925), (The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ), University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8〕〔see: * A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, ISBN 9789993624318, pp 9-12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140-142; * A. Sharma (1999), (The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism ), The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223-256; * Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, ISBN 0-415-17281-0, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443〕 Together, these four aims of life are called Puruṣārtha.〔(Kama ) in Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, 2009〕 ==Definition and meaning== Kāma means “desire, wish or longing”.〔 In contemporary literature, kāma refers usually to sexual desire.〔James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pp 340〕 However, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.〔〔 The concept kāma is found in some of the earliest known verses in Vedas. For example, Book 10 of Rig Veda describes the creation of the universe from nothing by the great heat. There in hymn 129, it states: Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, one of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism, uses the term kāma, also in a broader sense, as any desire: Ancient Indian literature such as the Epics, that followed the Upanishads, develop and explain the concept of kāma together with Artha and Dharma. The Mahabharata, for example, provides one of the expansive definitions of kāma. The Epic claims kāma to be any agreeable and desirable experience (pleasure) generated by the interaction of one of five senses with anything congenial to that sense and while the mind is concurrently in harmony with the other goals of human life (dharma, artha and moksha).〔R. Prasad (2008), History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume 12, Part 1, ISBN 978-8180695445, Chapter 10, particularly pp 252-255〕 Kāma often implies the short form of the word kāmanā (desire, appetition). Kāma, however, is more than kāmanā. Kāma is an experience that includes the discovery of object, learning about the object, emotional connection, process of enjoyment and the resulting feeling of well being before, during and after the experience.〔R. Prasad (2008), History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume 12, Part 1, ISBN 978-8180695445, pp 249-270〕 Vatsyayana, the author of Kamasutra, describes kāma as happiness that is a ''manasa vyapara'' (phenomenon of the mind). Just like the Mahabharata, Vatsyayana's ''Kamasutra'' defines kāma as pleasure an individual experiences from the world, with one or more senses - hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling and feeling - in harmony with one’s mind and soul.〔 Experiencing harmonious music is kama, as is being inspired by natural beauty, the aesthetic appreciation of a work of art and admiring with joy something created by another human being. Kama sutra, in its discourse on kāma, describes many arts, dance and music forms, along with sex as means to pleasure and enjoyment.〔 John Lochtefeld explains〔 kāma as desires, noting that it often refers to sexual desire in contemporary literature, but in ancient Indian literature kāma includes any kind of attraction and pleasure such as those from the arts. Karl Potter describes〔Karl H. Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807792, pp. 1-29〕 kama as an attitude and capacity. A little girl who hugs her teddy bear with a smile is experiencing kama, as are two lovers in embrace. During these experiences, the person connects and identifies the loved as part of oneself, feels more complete, fulfilled and whole by experiencing that connection and nearness. This, in the Indian perspective, is kāma.〔 Hindery notes the inconsistent and diverse exposition of kāma in various ancient texts of India. Some texts, such as the Epic Ramayana, paint kāma through the desire of Rama for Sita, one that transcends the physical and marital into a love that is spiritual, and something that gives Rama his meaning of life, his reason to live.〔Roderick Hindery, Hindu Ethics in the Ramayana, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Fall, 1976), pp. 299〕 Both Sita and Rama, frequently express their unwillingness and inability to live without the other.〔See verses at 2.30, 4.1, 6.1, 6.83 for example; Abridged Verse 4.1: “Sita invades my entire being and my love is entirely centered on her; Without that lady of lovely eyelashes, beautiful looks, and gentle speech, I cannot survive, O Saumitri.”; for peer reviewed source, see Hindery, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Fall, 1976), pp 299-300〕 This romantic and spiritual view of kāma in the Ramayana by Valmiki is quite different, claim Hindery〔 and others,〔Benjamin Khan (1965), The concept of Dharma in Valmiki Ramayana, Delhi, ISBN 978-8121501347〕 than the normative and dry description of kāma in the law codes of smriti by Manu for example. Gavin Flood explains〔Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring, ISBN 978-1896209302, pp 11-13〕 kāma as “love” without violating dharma (moral responsibility), artha (material prosperity) and one’s journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kama」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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